# Manual Testing Q/A 1. **What is Manual Testing?** Manual testing is the process of manually executing test cases without using automation tools to identify bugs and ensure the software functions as expected. 2. **What is the difference between Manual Testing and Automation Testing?** * Manual Testing requires human effort to execute test cases, while Automation Testing uses scripts and tools. * Manual Testing is slower compared to Automation Testing. * Automation Testing is useful for repetitive tasks like regression testing, whereas Manual Testing is better for usability and exploratory testing. 3. **What are the different types of Manual Testing?** * Functional Testing * Usability Testing * Smoke Testing * Regression Testing * Exploratory Testing * Ad-hoc Testing 4. **What are Test Cases?** A test case is a set of conditions and steps used to verify if a software application functions correctly. **Example:** * Step 1: Open the login page * Step 2: Enter valid username and password * Step 3: Click the "Login" button * Expected Result: User should be logged in successfully 5. **How would you test a login page manually?** * Check login with valid and invalid credentials. * Verify "Forgot Password" functionality. * Check UI elements such as buttons and fields. * Test session timeout and security aspects. 6. **What is Regression Testing?** Regression testing ensures that recent code changes do not break existing functionalities. 7. **What is the difference between Smoke and Sanity Testing?** * Smoke Testing checks major functionalities of the application to ensure basic stability. * Sanity Testing verifies specific bug fixes or new features to confirm they work as expected. 8. **What is Exploratory Testing?** Exploratory testing is performed without predefined test cases, allowing testers to explore the application and find unexpected defects. 9. **What are Severity and Priority in Bug Tracking?** * **Severity** refers to the impact of the bug on the system (Critical, High, Medium, Low). * **Priority** refers to the urgency of fixing the bug (High, Medium, Low). **Example:** High Severity, Low Priority: A crash in an admin-only feature. Low Severity, High Priority: A spelling mistake on the homepage title. 10. **Which bug tracking tools have you used?** * JIRA * Bugzilla * Trello 11. **What are the different levels of testing?** * Unit Testing * Integration Testing * System Testing * User Acceptance Testing (UAT) 12. **What is the difference between White Box and Black Box Testing?** White Box Testing checks internal code and logic (done by developers), while Black Box Testing tests functionality without knowing internal code (done by testers). 13. What is a Test Plan and what does it include? A Test Plan is a document that outlines the testing scope, objectives, schedule, resources, and deliverables. It includes: * Test strategy * Test scope * Testing schedule * Test environment details * Test deliverables 14. **What is a Test Scenario?** A test scenario is a high-level description of a functionality to be tested. 15. **What is the difference between a Test Case and a Test Script?** A test case is a step-by-step document to verify a feature, while a test script is a set of automation instructions written for testing tools. 16. **What is the Defect Life Cycle (Bug Life Cycle)?** The defect life cycle includes the following stages: * New → Assigned → Open → Fixed → Retested → Verified → Closed 17. **What are different types of defects?** * Functional Defects * Performance Defects * Security Defects * Compatibility Defects * UI Defects 18. **How do you report a bug?** A bug should be reported with: * Summary * Steps to reproduce * Expected vs actual results * Screenshots/logs * Priority and severity 19. **How would you test a login page manually?** * Check login with valid and invalid credentials * Verify "Forgot Password" functionality * Check UI elements such as buttons and fields * Test session timeout and security aspects 15. **What is Regression Testing?** Regression testing ensures that recent code changes do not break existing functionalities. 16. **What is the difference between Smoke and Sanity Testing?** * Smoke Testing checks major functionalities of the application to ensure basic stability. * Sanity Testing verifies specific bug fixes or new features to confirm they work as expected. 17. **What are Severity and Priority in Bug Tracking?** * Severity refers to the impact of the bug on the system (Critical, High, Medium, Low). * Priority refers to the urgency of fixing the bug (High, Medium, Low). **Example:** * High Severity, Low Priority: A crash in an admin-only feature. * Low Severity, High Priority: A spelling mistake on the homepage title. 18. **What is Exploratory Testing?** Exploratory testing is performed without predefined test cases, allowing testers to explore the application and find unexpected defects. 19. **How would you test an e-commerce website?** * Verify user login and signup functionality * Test product search and filtering * Check the checkout and payment process * Validate order tracking and cancellation * Perform UI and security testing 21. **How do you handle a situation where a developer does not accept a reported defect?** * Reproduce the bug and provide clear evidence (screenshots, logs) * Explain the impact of the defect * Discuss with the test lead or business analyst if required 22. **What would you do if you find a critical bug just before release?** * Immediately report it to the test lead and stakeholders * Assess the impact and severity * Suggest a fix or a workaround * Document the risk if the fix is postponed 23. **How do you perform cross-browser testing manually?** * Open the application in different browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) * Check UI consistency and responsiveness * Validate functionality in each browser 24. **What is Compatibility Testing?** Compatibility testing ensures that the software works across different devices, browsers, operating systems, and network environments. 25. **What are the key qualities of a good software tester?** * Analytical skills * Attention to detail * Communication skills * Curiosity and exploratory mindset * Problem-solving ability 26. **What is Risk-Based Testing?** Risk-based testing prioritizes test cases based on the likelihood and impact of failure. 27. **What is the difference between Static Testing and Dynamic Testing?** * Static Testing involves reviewing documents, code, and requirements without execution. * Dynamic Testing involves executing the software to identify defects. 28. **What is Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)?** BVA is a test design technique where test cases are created for boundary values of input fields. **Example:** If an input field accepts values from 1 to 100, test cases should include 0, 1, 100, and 101. 29. **What is Equivalence Partitioning?** Equivalence Partitioning is a technique where input data is divided into valid and invalid partitions, and test cases are created for each partition. 30. **What is Use Case Testing?** Use case testing validates the application from an end-user perspective by testing real-world scenarios.